Universality Criterion
Are all men potential rapists?
The Universality Criterion asks whether all men are potential rapists, and whether there exist universal features of men's sexual psychology that are designed specifically for forced sex. This criterion is a formidable scientific challenge, as it requires distinguishing between men's sexual psychology in consensual contexts and men's sexual psychology in non-consensual contexts.
- All men are potential rapists.
- Men's sexual psychology is designed specifically for forced sex.
- Rape is a universal feature of men's sexual psychology.
- Understand the Evolutionary ContextUnderstand the evolutionary context in which rape occurs, including the male desire for sexual variety and the general capacity of men to use physical aggression.Pro tipConsider the role of cultural and social factors in shaping male behavior.WarningBe aware of the potential for rape to be used as a means of asserting power and control.
- Recognize the Importance of EmpathyRecognize the importance of empathy in preventing rape, including the ability to understand and respect the boundaries and desires of others.Pro tipEncourage men to engage in open and honest communication with their partners.WarningBe aware of the potential for a lack of empathy to contribute to rape.
Paul Bernardo was a serial rapist who used his charm and good looks to attract women for consensual sex, but also used coercion and violence to obtain sex from women who were not his regular partners.
The Universality Criterion was proposed by Susan Brownmiller, who argued that rape is a conscious process of intimidation by which all men keep all women in a state of fear.